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The Book of Lord Shang
The ''Book of Lord Shang'' () is an ancient Chinese text from the 3rd century BC that is regarded as a foundational work of the more legalistic aspect of Chinese Realpolitik. It is named for and attributed to the 4th century BC official and philosopher Shang Yang, who served as minister to Duke Xiao of Qin (r. 361338) from 359 until his death in 338 and is generally considered to be the father of Qin Legalism.
The ''Book of Lord Shang'' includes a large number of ordinances, essays, and courtly petitions attributed to Shang Yang, as well as discourses delivered at the Qin court. The book focuses mainly on maintaining societal order through a system of impartial laws that strictly mete out rewards and punishments for citizens' actions. The first chapters advise promoting agriculture and suppressing other low priority secondary activities, as well as encouraging martial virtues for use in creating and maintaining a state army for wars of conquest.
The introduction of the freely available J.J.L. Duyvendak edition includes background information, such as short biography and a statement of likelihood that Lord Shang was responsible for the reform that phased out the old land-well system, making land tradeable provided that it would used productively.
==Overview==
The Book of Lord Shang teaches that "The law is an expression of love for the people; rites are a means for making things run smoothly. The sage, if he is able to strengthen the state thereby, does not model himself on antiquity, and if he is able to benefit the people thereby, does not adhere to the established rites."〔http://ctext.org/shang-jun-shu/reform-of-the-law〕 As such, the philosophy espoused is quite explicitly anti-Confucian:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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